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05/24/2010: "Hoho for ‘total separation’ of Nagas, Meiteis Correspondent"

Keep it up and light the flame of freedom. Let every Naga emulate the sacrifice of those innocent students as mark of national defence.

NSCN (I-M)-GoI talks
DIMAPUR, MAY 22 (NPN):

NSCN (I-M) today reiterated that further round of talks with centre was likely to be held in Kohima or other Naga areas. “In view of seeking peaceful political solution, honourable and acceptable to both the Government of India (GOI) and the Nagas further rounds of unconditional talks is likely to be held in Kohima or in other Naga areas suitable to both the parties,” the NSCN (I-M) chief principal secretary Samson Jajo said in a statement.

Hoho for ‘total separation’ of Nagas, Meiteis
Correspondent


KOHIMA, May 23 – Expessing deep concern over the sufferings and suppression of the Nagas living in Manipur, the apex body of the Naga tribal organisations has said the present situation has crossed the stage where Nagas and Meiteis can no longer co-exist and they have to live as different identities. Briefing mediapersons after a marathon closed-door consultative meeting at Hotel Japfü here yesterday, Naga Hoho President Keviletuo Kiewhuo, along with his colleagues, said the problem in Manipur initially started with ADC (Autonomous District Council) elections which led to economic blockade to prevent the polls in certain areas. In the midst of that, NSCN-IM General Secretary Th Muivah’s proposed visit compounded the situation and now it has crossed that certain level, he said.
The Hoho said it would not comment on the issues of Muivah’s proposed visit or the ADC election, but categorically stated that it now wants ‘total separation of the people, i.e. the Nagas and the Meiteis’. “We have to live as different identities, we cannot co-exist now,” they said. On whether the Hoho was demanding integration of Nagas, the Naga Hoho president said whether the Nagas in the South are integrated with Nagaland or they remain as a separate identity is an issue that will emerge and tackled in the near future. But he affirmed that Nagas in Manipur can no longer live with the Meiteis anymore, while questioning on how long they (Nagas) can struggle and how long the Meiteis can be allowed to suppress the Naga people.
“We shall not yield to suppressive policies of the Manipur Government or the Meities,” the Naga Hoho said, stating that the Nagas have every right to live as a people and shall endeavour to live as a people. Asserting that it cannot allow any other people to separate the Naga people, the Hoho said, “Wherever the Nagas are – whether Assam, Manipur, Arunachal or Myanmar – the life and property of every Naga should be protected by the Naga Hoho.”
http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2410/oth07


Sovereignty, Naga integration out of question: GK Pillai
By News

Imphal, May 23: Union Home Secretary GK Pillai has categorically reiterated that both sovereignty as well as the integration of Naga areas is literally out of the question. In an interview with Kalyani Shankar published in mynews. in today, the Home Secretary said that the Government of India has made it very clear and he himself has stated that the demand of sovereignty of the NSCN-IM and integration of the Naga inhabited areas are out of question. "Because we don't want to create more problems. We have to find imaginative solutions to try and deal with this type of situation," he said. He was answering to Kalyani Shankar's questions if there was any forward movement in the Naga peace talks. "Also, you had been in Manipur recently to persuade Muivah from entering Manipur to visit his village. Will he listen to you? And moreover, the NSCN has submitted a list of 30 demands. How far is the Government willing to meet their demands?"

GK Pillai said, "The interlocutor has had good talks, a number of proposals are on the table and I am quite hopeful, because the civil society in Nagaland is extremely keen that a solution be found." We reproduce excerpts of the interview–Kalyani Shankar : Manipur is almost burning and you have been persuading Muivah not to visit there. So, what is the way out?

GK Pillai: I think it was unfortunate. I think his demand or his request to go to his home village is something which could have been accepted. But I think the timing was wrong because of the fact that there was the District elections coming up and the known opposition of the NSCN-IM to the holding of District elections was a severe provocation. We understand his request to visit his village. Now, we have advised him that he should wait till the situation is more conducive for his visit.

Kalyani Shankar: Now, are you concerned about Manipur, the situation on the ground level now?

GK Pillai: Yes, we are concerned about it, we have spoken with the Chief Minister, we understand his concerns, we have told him that the territorial integrity of Manipur is not there for negotiation and Government of India is totally committed to the territorial integrity of Manipur. And I am hopeful that when the situation normalises, I think in one sense, both sides would show the wisdom and vision to move forward.

Kalyani Shankar: Militancy may be on the wane in the North-East, but there are threats of Maoists spreading their network. How do you propose to deal with the Maoists establishing contact with the insurgent outfits like ULFA and the NSCN-IM in the region?

GK Pillai: The culture in the North-East is quite different and it is a whole series of ethnic identities which are in one sense bursting out, if you want to say it, in the North-East and mistakes were made in the first decade after independence, I think for which we are in one sense paying the price even now. But, I think there is a greater understanding and I think the recent steps which we have taken like LTC for all by air to the North-East is helping a lot of people to mingle and understand each other’s cultures. I think we have a lot to learn from them.
http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/news.php?newsid=778

SDSA demands withdrawal of state force from Spt
By Hueiyen News Service

Imphal, May 23: The senapati District Students' Association (SDSA) has submitted an ultimatum to IG (L&O-III), V Zathang to take up disciplinary action against some Manipur Police Commandos and IRB personnel who allegedly tore and stamped on the letter heads of the Association. In the ultimatum, the president of SDSA, A Pfokrehrii Khrasi said that the act of the police commandos and IRB personnel posted at Mao gate tearing up the letter heads of the SDSA and stamping on it with their feet yesterday is considered as an insult to the SDSA.

It would create more violence and tension in the area, the ultimatum said and demanded that the police commandos and IRB personnel should be immediately withdrawn from Senapati district. Investigation into the incident should be immediately initiated and befitting disciplinary punishment should be given to the commandos/IRB personnel involved, and the action taken report should be intimated to the office of the SDSA within 48 hours, the students' body demanded. It further urged the IG to immediately look into the matter. If the authority fails to punish the personnel involved, the SDSA would be compelled to launch series of agitations, with the cooperation of the general public, against the authorities concerned.
http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/news.php?newsid=779

IED destroyed
By Hueiyen News Service

Imphal, May 23: Troops of 22 GRENADIERS of 26 Sector - AR under HQ IGAR(South) launched operation in areas of Tuivang of Chandel district and recovered a twin cylindrical pressure IED from 50 meter North of iron bridge at 06.30 am today. The IED was of 500 grams weight, 5 inches in length and 3 inches diameter. The IED was destroyed in situ. An untoward accident was thus averted due to vigilant approach of the Security Forces
http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/news.php?newsid=772

Hoho reaffirms May 8 declarations
By Our Staff Reporter


IMPHAL, May 23: The Naga Hoho, which is the apex body of all Naga bodies based in Nagaland, Burma, Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, has re-affirmed the five point declarations made on May 8 in its presidential council meeting held on May 22 at Kohima. A press release issued by the Naga Hoho said that the presidential council meeting unanimously endorsed the declaration. It said that there should be no room for misunderstanding over the declaration. Representative from the the Naga Hoho, Ao Senden, Angami Public Organisation, Chakhesang Public Organisation, Pochury Public Front, Kyong Hoho, Rengma Hoho, Zeliangrong Interim Body, Tangkhul Hoho, Mao Council, Moyon Hoho, Chiru Union, Naga People’s Organisation, Thangal Union, United Naga Council and Poumai Naga Union attended the presidential council meeting .

The resolutions adopted in the May 8 meeting at Dimapur, held that though the Nagas have been separated through colonial de- signs, ‘we solemnly declare and affirm that we are one Nation and will stand together as a people.’ It was also resolved that any attack on any of the Naga people will be considered as an attack on the Naga Nation. ‘We consider the recent killings of our students (Mao Gate May 6), injury to hundreds of our innocent citizens and lootings and destructions of properties by the Manipur Government as an open declaration of war against the Nagas,’ it said. The Naga Hoho added that any harm done to the Nagas held ‘hostage’ in the valley of Manipur will be countered befittingly.
http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/News_pages/Local%20news-03.html

Naga Forum appeals for peace
By Our Staff Reporter

IMPHAL, May 23: Taking serious note of the untold misery caused to common people by the prolonged economic blockade on both NH 39 and NH 53, the Naga Leaders Forum Manipur has appealed to all concerned civil organisations to lift the blockade as well as the counter blockade. A press release signed AS Shimreiyo and PA Thekho, convenors of the forum, pointed out that NH 39 and NH 53 are lifelines to both Manipur and Naga-land States. Prolonging the blockade will soon lead to starvation of many families and even dead due to lack of life saving drugs, it noted. Further appealing to all concerned to immediately restrain and cease destruction of public properties, the forum called upon citizens of all communities not to panic in the midst of confusion and turmoil. Stating that the ADC election is a democratic process which cannot be cancelled or postponed once set in motion, except for a few days deferment under extraordinary circumstances, it appealed to all to ensure a free and fair poll.
http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/News_pages/Local%20news-04.html

Peace prayer held at Delhi
Ninglun Hanghal

NEW DELHI, May 23: Taking serious note of the present situation prevailing in the State, All India Christian Council (AICC) along with leaders from North East Churches in Delhi held a special prayer for peace yesterday. Church leaders speaking on various issues called for self retrospection. Leader representatives from different communities prayed for harmony among public leaders, State and Central governments. It also emphasised self introspection amongst the Christian communities.

Calling the special meet not a political agenda, Madhuchandra of the AICC said, “We pray for seeking wisdom – wisdom for our leaders in the Centre, in the State and our community leaders to be able to bring a solution.” While noting his appreciation to the initiative taken by the All Manipur Christian Organization, which is also the first ever in Manipur, in their effort for a peace mission to Kohima. Other churches in Delhi and individuals also joined the prayer. A symbolic gesture of Christian love, brotherhood, neighbourly love and forgiveness were exchanged.
http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/News_pages/Local%20news-08.html

SDSA urges
The Senapati District Students’ Association has demanded immediate withdrawal of police commandos and IRB personnel from Senapati district. In a representation submitted to IG (L/O-III) V Zathang, SDSA said that commandos/IRBs tore and stamped their boots on the letter head of the student body yesterday, which is an outright insult. While condemning the act, the student body urged the IG to initiate an investigation into the incident immediately and give befitting punishment to the culprits. The SDSA would launch a series of agitation if the authority fails to look into the matter, it added.
MNRF flays
Manipur Naga Revolutionary Front (MNRF) condemned the threat issued by UNC against ADC candidates. Saying that ADC election is scheduled to be held after 22 years, MNRF urged all concerned not to disturb the said election. The outfit warned that any untoward incident if occurred during the election would not be taken lightly by the outfit. MNRF said, “Unity among ourselves along will bring peace and prosperity.”
Bhavan probe
The State Government has issued an order asking Principal Secretary (Finance) AN Jha to enquire into the attack at Manipur Bhavan, Delhi in the aftermath of the death of two students at Mao Gate on May 6. The attack caused serious damages to many vehicles and rooms of the Manipur Bhavan located at Sardar Patel Marg, Delhi. Even the room allotted and reserved for the Governor was damaged. According to the order issued by the State Government, the Principal Secretary should submit a report within 30 days. Naga students staying at Delhi came in six buses and attacked the Manipur Bhavan damaging almost all vehicles parked within the Bhavan complex.
http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/
Solidarity campaign winds up at Itanagar
By Our Staff Reporter


IMPHAL, May 23: The Hind Swaraj Peace March launched in solidarity to Irom Chanu Sharmila’s 10 year old campaign against the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act has wound up at Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Earlier, the march launched from Cherthala, Kerala, home constituency of Defence Minister AK Antony was planned to wind up at Imphal. During the course of the peace march, a play titled Meira Paibi was staged at different places. Speaking to media persons at Manipur Press Club here today, script writer of Meira Paibi play Sibik Chandran remarked that the indifference of the Government of India and Manipur Government towards Sharmila’s unsurpassed democratic campaign is disappointing for all peace loving people of the world. The march launched since May 8 could not proceed to Imphal because of the blockade and the prevailing situation. But the plan was to conclude the march at Imphal in presence of Irom Sharmila on May 17. As such, the march was wound up at Itanagar, Chandran said.
http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/News_pages/Local%20news-11.html
Naga blockade of Manipur continues for 42nd day

IMPHAL, MAY 23 (IANS): The ongoing deadlock in Manipur continued for the 42nd day Sunday with the main lifeline, National Highway 39, remaining paralysed due to an indefinite economic blockade enforced by Naga tribal groups, although supply of essentials has started trickling in through an alternative route, besides airdropping of food, fuel and medicines, in recent days. "The crisis is far from over although there is some relief as we managed to get in some supplies through National Highway 53 (via Assam) and several sorties carrying food and medicines, including fuel, airlifted from Assam and other parts of the country," Manipur government spokesperson N. Biren Singh said.

Manipur is in turmoil since April. First, Naga groups residing in Manipur enforced an indefinite economic blockade April 11 protesting the state government’s decision to hold autonomous council elections and then since May 6 over the state government refusing permission to Naga separatist leader Thuingaleng Muivah to visit his ancestral village in Manipur’s Ukhrul district. The decision by Muivah, leader of the rival National Socialist Council of Nagaland Isak-Muivah faction, to visit his ancestral village in Manipur’s Ukhrul district led to bloody clashes with three Naga protestors killed in firing by Manipur police May 6. The Manipur government has banned Muivah’s visit saying it would incite communal tension in the state.

The deadlock over Muivah’s visit has led to several Naga groups enforcing an indefinite economic blockade with hundreds of trucks carrying essentials stranded in the adjoining state of Nagaland with protesters laying a siege on National Highway 39 - the main lifeline to Manipur. This has triggered an acute food crisis in Manipur with the state forced to airlift supplies of essentials and medicines -- such was the situation that even hospitals were compelled to stop routine surgeries due to dearth of oxygen cylinders. Landlocked Manipur depends on supplies from outside the region with trucks from the rest of India carrying essentials passing through Nagaland. On Sunday, the Manipur government once again reiterated its stand against allowing Muivah to visit the state. "Under no circumstances shall we allow Muivah to step into Manipur, either by road or by helicopter," chief minister Okram Ibobi Singh said. "People of Manipur are ready to meet the challenge and survive the ordeal due to the economic blockade. We are making arrangements to get in enough supplies to tide over the crisis," Biren Singh said.
http://easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23949:naga-blockade-of-manipur-continues-for-42nd-day&catid=52:regional-news&Itemid=54

Stake holders at Mao gate
2010-05-23-24
By Robert Lanky
Since first week of May 2010, two insurgency ridden states are on loggerhead at Mao Gate, bordering Nagaland and Manipur. For me the present crisis is because of mode of conveyance for General Secretary of National Socialist Council of Nagalim, Thuingaleng Muivah for visiting his birth place Somdal in Manipur. Government of India has not only sanctioned his visit to Manipur but also offered to provide him helicopter (as per sources at MHA) and all security befitting his status of a prominent personality who is got 'Z' plus security while in India. It is learnt that Thuingaleng Muivah had refused the offer and insisted on road movement which triggered economic crisis in Manipur and resulted in deaths of two and injury to many in Nagaland.

After going through the sequence of actions in chronological order and stories carried out by various Regional and National, Print and Electronic Media both, I tried to find out the 'stake holders' and their interests after the incident at Mao Gate. The retrospection have brought me to the conclusion that stake holders are:-

t Thuingaleng Muivah representing Thangkul Nagas of Manipur.
t Manipur Government under O Ibobi Singh and Nagaland Govt under Nephu Rio.
t Ministry of Home affairs (Govt of India) representing people of states and country.
t Above all the main stake holders are people of Manipur and Nagas of Manipur.

Muivah's Stake. Muivah who had left his village 40 years back had come to Delhi in the month of Feb 2010 to negotiate with GoI. After first round of talk, he landed up in Nagaland and stayed at Hebron Camp and had been busy in analyzing the situation. If one goes to recall the incidents which had happened in last two three years with NSCN (IM), shows that NSCN (IM) been losing the grips over it's cadres. For example- killing of SDO Khullen by it's one of the battalion commanders who was later handed over (SS Lt Col) to CBI for trial became an embrassment for NSCN (IM). Incident at Siruhi where NSCN (IM) was trying to establish a camp and Assam 6Rifle had seized Siruhi for 17 days. After intervention of GoI and Cease Fire Monitoring Group cadres were evicted and safe passage was given. The biggest setback was in 2007; Sema cadres defecting from NSCN (IM) to create a new organization NSCN (U) and later merging with NSCN (K). All these incidents portrayed Muivah in a poor light. To avail the opportunity while negotiating with GoI he planned to make his presence felt and also to gain support of the people from Naga inhabited districts of Manipur. He also wanted his visit to be publicized for political gain over Manipur since, O Ibobi Singh was in process to conduct Manipur Hill District Council Elections and establish an administration by democratically elected people for development. Analysts say that; it was not suddenly that Muivah has developed forgotten love and affection to his village and villagers after long 40 years. Muivah had already visualized the situation and had chalked out the strategy when he went on second round of negotiation with MHA. It was calculated and projected, hyped visit to regain diminishing support and also to revive the cause of ”Greater Nagalim".

Stake of Manipur Govt under O Ibobi Singh. To uphold the integrity of Manipur Congress led govt under the leadership of O Ibobi Singh has blamed Muivah and potrayed him as master mind for the Massacre of Kukis in 1993-1994 during Naga-Kuki clash. Criminal cases still pending against him. Another point of contention was that Manipur will not permit him to come with hidden agenda (to include Senapati, Tamenglong, Ukhrul and Chandel) in the proposal given by NSCN (IM) to govt of India. Another important stake by state govt is that MHA has not consulted Manipur govt on the proposed visit of Muivah. Analysts say-O Ibobi has been labeled as failed CM and Manipur under his leadership as 'failed state'. To score a point he had opposed this move to stop Muivah. But, there are other opinions also: Any political dignitaries, controversial personalities or person given 'Z plus' categories are visiting any other state then it is the responsibility of the MHA to review the situation of place/ state in conjunction with the State govt being visited. In one way O Ibobi Singh was right. When self trying to analyse the situation while talking to few Meitei community youths at Imphal- the resentment was clearly visible. Their apprehension was that, how come suddenly Muivah has developed love and affection after 40 years with his birth place? Also, Muivah's presence in Nagaland has created all the problems for Manipuris and Nagas staying in Manipur as well.

Stake of GoI (MHA). Ministry of Home Affairs (GoI) is engaged in negotiation with NSCN (IM) since long. In the region Media of North East have been criticizing MHA for it's lackadaisical approach to the problems of extortion, kidnapping and ransom prevalent in Manipur and Nagaland. Notwithstanding to the remarks by Media and critics, In a survey recently carried out by NDTV and Aaj-Tak people have voted Mr Chidambaram as a good Home Minister at the centre with 61% of vote. But, in the Mao Gate incident, the situation defies that confidence shown by the public about the Home Minister. Firstly it has given the go ahead for visit of Muivah without consulting Manipur Government and then not addressing the statement for now over two weeks. Situation created at the bordering place (Mao Gate) between Manipur and Nagaland considered presently as: container filled with enough inflammable materials which requires small spark to ignite the fire around the 'Green Hills of Nagaland and Manipur' both. Muivah and O Ibobi Singh are sitting on the fence with their adamant attitude. Interlocutor for ongoing peace talk with NSCN (IM) Mr R S Pandey and Home Secy Mr G K Pillai also could not bring the situation to the desired level of peaceful atmosphere for negotiation. Muivah still sitting at Vishewema and in Manipur life has been paralyzed. Centre has to resolve the issue as no one else is willing to back out.

Stake of People of Manipur & Nagas in Manipur. The stalemate at Mao Gate has brought the situation in Manipur at 'Stand Still'. Life of Manipur is totally at the stake'. Media has been reporting regularly about:

t Petrol being rationed and sold at Rs 150/- ltr.
t Gas Cylinder @ 1500 Rs.
t Oxygen Cylinders in Hospitals have exhausted.
t Life saving drugs extremely in short supply.
t Essential house hold items are sold @ three times higher than normal rates.
t Common public is the one which is feeling the heat.
t It's not only Manipuris but Nagas of Chandel, Tamenglong Ukhrul and Senapati are also suffering to the great extent.
t Looting of supplies from trucks at Yaripoke, which reached few days back through Mizoram, could be because of the ultimate shortage of essential commodities.

After going through various reports, surveys and having spoken to the people of Manipur I (any one) could say that, "stake holder at Mao Gate could be many but it's the people and humanity in both the states are at great risk and their everything is at stake. Hardship faced by the people of the Manipur is clearly visible with the women protesting peacefully and sign boards are witness to everyone.

Recently United Council of Manipur for peace and Naga organization too had some stake to create an atmosphere for talks but seems to be of no avail. The situation is, as one scholar brought out that, "idea of Manipuris vis-à-vis Nagas depends on antagonistic politics in which success of one will destroy the other". What is required by the main player of the crisis or the stake holders to shed off their adamant attitude defuse the tension on the name of humanity and open the blockade. At the same time GoI (MHA) should issue a simple statement that 'Integrity of Manipur' will be protected and visit of Muivah to his village Somdal will be organized by MHA after due consultation with Manipur government at later stage. MHA should defer from policy of appeasement and should only think in saving lives of human being and humanity both.

The situation requires immediate attention by GoI as there are conflicting reports that hundreds of cadres from Hebron camps have already concentrated in and around Mao Gate and across the Mao Gate Meitei insurgents of PLA and UNLF are also trying to gather in that area. If that happens, then tension instead of getting defused will increase its level. Both state governments should also try to find out the via media for acceptable solution to both sides. The tragedy cannot be reversed but definitely efforts must be made to avert further tragedies. A way out must be found to defuse the dangerous stalemate without humiliating any of the parties. But for this to work, all parties concerned must be ready to climb down a little.

Open Letter to CM of Manipur on NH-150
- Hmar Tlawmngai Pawl (HTP) -
Date: May 18, 2010

Subject: Open Letter to CM of Manipur on NH-150

To,
Mr. Ibobi Singh
Chief Minister of Manipur

Sir,

We, the Hmar Tlawmngai Pawl (HTP) have been silently observing your indifferent approach towards the Hmars in Churachandpur district and the NH-150 which is the arterial road that connects Tipaimukh sub-division with the rest of the State and other adjoining States of Mizoram and Assam. You are fully aware that the Hmars and other communities living within Tipaimukh sub-division have been suffering beyond limit due to non-functioning of NH-150. Despite the bare fact exposed in front of you and the government of Manipur, you have been paying deaf ear towards the suffering of our people.

Surprisingly, when economic road blockade takes place on NH-39, you have no shame in bowing down before the government of Mizoram, begging them with folded hands to let you take your trucks and tankers via Mizoram so that your vote-banks in Manipur don't suffer. In this regard you have no second thought in scrutinising extra expenditures involving due to fuel, time, energy, and security. If you have the will and determination, you could easily take an abrupt decision in making trucks and tankers carrying human subsistance to Manipur via Mizoram. On the other hand, you and the government of Manipur have no will and determination to make NH-150 usable even though you are fully aware of its importance. In fact, had NH-150 been in good condition, your attempt to avoid NH-39 passing through Nagaland would have been easier, cost effective and more logical.

In view of your arrogant attitude towards the people of Tipaimukh area, we are now considering road blockade on highways connecting Manipur from Assam and Mizoram for trucks and tankers. This action will be discretely executed in order to let you realise the sufferings of our people in Tipaimukh sub-division. We will let you reconsider about full renovation of NH-150 and construction of Tuivai Bridge connecting Mizoram. If you agree in writing and start the works immediately, we will also reconsider our plan to sabotage highways and any other roads that can be used for plying trucks, tankers and any other vehicles travelling to Manipur.

You may carefully think over it. If nothing is heard from you and do not act posivitely to our demands within 24 hours, we will consider that you are hell-bent in not alleviating the sufferings of the people in Tipaimukh sub-division. We will go ahead with our own actions and you shall be taken fully responsible for any undesirable incidents going to take place.

Yours faithfully,

Lalramsan Hmar
President
Hmar Tlawmngai Pawl (HTP)

http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Muivah_Visit_201005.Muivah_PR_201006.PR_HTP_20100518

Merger of Naga (Southern) Territory with Manipur
Z. K. Pahrii | BTC, Pfutsero

Introduction: Manipur, an erstwhile Princely State of the British Raj, is situated in the extreme north-eastern corner of India. The present Manipur State (created by Indian Union) is bordered by Nagaland on the north, Mizoram on the south, Myanmar (Burma) on the east and Assam on the west. Manipur State can be sharply divided into two parts: the valley which home to Meiteis (The words Meiteis, Meeteis, Meitheis and Manipuris are used by different authors referring to the valley dwellers of Manipur excluding tribal people), and the hill territory which is the homeland of the various tribes. The State is divided into nine districts—Imphal West, Imphal East, Bishnupur, Thoubal, Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Senapati, Tamenlong, and Chandel. Four of the districts cover the entire valley, which probably made up the former independent Kingdom of Manipur before its annexation by the British. The remaining five districts were added to Manipur at different stages of the State’s organisation in the colonial period and after the independence of India [Gam A Shimray, et al, An Introduction to the Ethnic Problem in Manipur, (Nagaland: Naga Students’ Federation, Kohima, reprint, ny), p.1]. However, according to some meitei scholars like Hareshwar Goswami (2004), it was the British who ruled from 1891 to 1947, who placed a wedge amongst the people of Manipur [Hareshwar Goswami, History of the People of Manipur (Imphal: Kangla Publications, 2004), pp. 7,8,103,104 ]

I. Probable Names and Extent of the Territory of Ancient Manipur: Some confusion exists about its ancient name. The nomenclature “Manipur” is not found in the oral traditions or recorded history of the early Meiteis. The Burmese called this country Katha; the Shans called it Kasse; the Cacharies described it as Mogali, and the Assamese called it Mekheli [C.U.Atchitson, A Collection of the Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and the Neighbouring countries, Vol.XII (Delhi: Mittal Publication 1983, reprint, p.14]. Prof. Gangmumei Kabui writes: ‘in ancient times the Meiteis called their land as Kangleipak, Poreipak and Meitrapak’[Gangmumei Kabui, History of Manipur, Vol.1. Pre-Colonial Period, New Delhi: National Publishing House, 1991, p.1]. He adds that in the first recorded treaty between East India Company and Jai Singh, Raja of Manipur in 1762, the Kingdom was recorded as “Meckley”. Later on it appears that Raja Jai Singh and his successors adopted the title of ‘Manipureshwar’, the Lord of Manipur and discarded Meckley. The adoption of Manipur in the 18th century seems to be a consequence of sanskritisation. The author of this article is convinced that the name of ancient “Manipur” described by various writers is composed of the valley area whose population has been sanskritised and not the whole of the present day Manipur which includes the hill areas.

Moreover, ancient Manipur did not have a distinct territorial boundary. B. Pemberton observes: “The territories of Muneepor have fluctuated at various times with the fortunes of their princes, frequently extending…beyond the Ningthee or Khyendwen river and west to the plains of Cachar” [R. B. Pemberton, Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India, Gauhati: 1966, Reprint, pp 22,23]. Sir James Johnstones made a similar remark when he said, “the territories of Manipur varied according to the mettle of its rulers. Sometimes they held a considerable territory east of the Chindwin River in subjection, at other times only the Kubo Valley, a strip of territory inhabited not by Burmese, but by Shans” [Sir James Johnstone, My Experience in Manipur and Naga Hills, New Delhi: Mittal Publication, reprint 1971, p.81; O. Tomba, A Need to Rewrite Manipuri History, 199]. If these written histories are valid, it would mean that the fluctuating territory of the ancient Manipuri kingdom was mainly confined to the areas bordering the Burmese (Kubow Valley) and the Assamese (Brahmaputra) Valley. The hill areas of modern Manipur were not part of the ancient Manipuri kingdom.

II. Ethnic Composition: 1. The Meiteis and Pangans: The Meiteis (Manipuris) are the dominant ethnic group of the State. They are confined to the Valley. As Prof. Jyotirmoy Roy says, “The valley is the abode of the largest and the most advanced community known as the Meitheis. Ethnically, culturally and linguistically the Meitheis are an organised and consolidated community having distinctive traits of a sub-nation. They can be clearly distinguished from the people living in the hills” [Jyotirmoy Roy, History of Manipur, Calcutta: Eastlight Book House, 1973, p.188]. Before their conversion from their indigenous religion Sanamahi Laining to Hinduism in the 17th century the Meiteis were meat eaters, sacrificed animals and practised headhunting. Today some of them abstain from a few types of meat but they eat fish. Those who abstain from some meat, do not drink alcohol, observe rigid rules against ritual pollution, and revere the cow [Meithei” in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica VoI. VI, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Inc., 1977, p.764]. The Manipuri-Muslims, commonly known as Pangans, are roughly 17 percent of the state’s population. They are believed to have been brought originally from Cachar as prisoners of war by the Meiteis during the reign of King Khagenba (1597-1652) [Gam A Shimray, Op.cit., pp 3,4. Also see Hareshwar Goswami. History of, Op.cit., pp. 289,290]
There seems to have no clear traditions about the origin and migration of the Meiteis to the present site. They have a chronicle claiming Pakhangba to be their first king who ascended the throne of Manipur in 33 A.D. at Imphal Kangla. The chronicle continues till the 14th century [Hareshwar Goswami, History of the People, Op. Cit., p. 235].However, many historians doubt the authenticity of this chronicle. For example, O. Tomba, a noted Meitei scholar, says, ‘this is a concocted history because the Meiteis did not settle in Manipur before the fourteenth century’ His claim has the support of geological excavations which suggest that the entire Manipur Valley was under water till about 500 years ago. Over the years, this large wetland shrank to the present Loktak Lake due to siltation and geological uplift [O. Tomba, A Need to Rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal: Author, 1993, pp.2, 3]. Prof. Jyotirmoy Roy says that though the sea receded from that area, the valley portion of Manipur remained under water for a long time [J. Roy, History of Manipur, 1973 edn. , New Delhi: Author, 1973, p. 3].

2. The Nagas: According to oral tradition and some written records the hill tribes of Manipur were the first to come to Manipur. T. C. Hodson opined that the tribes, especially the Tangkhuls, had settled in the areas they now occupy at an early date, when the Meiteis, now their masters, were untouched by the finer arts of life [T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes of Manipur, op.cit., pp. 3, 4]. When the hill tribes migrated to this valley, they found it unfit for habitation because it was under water and was infested with mosquitoes. This discussion suggests that the Meiteis came later than the hill tribes did but developed themselves rapidly due to their topographical location. The Naga Tribes of Manipur have in many ways ethnic and cultural affinity with the people of Nagaland. The Kuki-Chin tribes of Manipur have affinity with the Chins of Burma (Myanmar) and the Mizos of Mizoram [Rev. R. R. Lolly, The Baptist Church in Manipur, A Historical Survey of the Mission Strategies and Development of the Baptist Church in Manipur North East India, 1894-1983, Imphal: Mrs. R. Khathingla Lolly, 1985, pp. 5, 6. Also, see T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes.Op.cit., 26]. While the majority Meiteis have been converted to Hinduism, a majority of the tribal people have converted to Christianity from their traditional religion, commonly known as Animism.

III. Merger of Naga Territory with Manipur: Fairly reliable records exist of the alternating relationship of hostility and friendship between the independent Naga village-states and the Meitei Maharaja. According to the Royal Chronicles of the Meiteis, in 1717-18, the Raja Garib Nawaz welcomed all the Naga chiefs and established friendship with them. The Raja entertained the Naga chiefs with good feasts and wine, and requested them to help him to attack Samjok. In 1758-59, when Burmese troops attacked Manipur and took possession of the Manipuri palace, the Manipuris fled to the Naga villages for protection, returning to their original homes after the Burmese left the country [Issues Relating to the Territorial Integrity of Manipur- A Naga Perspective, np. United Naga Council Working Group, 2002, p. 18]. It is probable that there was much interaction between the valley dwellers and the hill dwellers for centuries.

With the coming of the British, the contact between the Nagas and Meiteis intensified. In 1819, the Burmese invaded Manipur and occupied it for seven years and committed severe atrocities. The British extended help to the Meiteis and drove out the Burmese. Gambhir Singh was made the independent ruler of Manipur [Manipur Fact File 2001, Imphal: All Manipur College Teachers’ Association, 2nd edn. Aug.2001), pp. 36,37]. With the combined forces of Raja Gambhir Singh of Manipur, by 1832 the British began to intrude into the Naga territory. The Raja of Manipur gave safe passage to the British to go to Burma. In return, the British not only tolerated Raja Gambhir Singh but also assisted him with weaponry to annex a large area inhabited by the Nagas. That appears to be the starting point of a more systematic subjugation of the Nagas to the Manipuri Kingdom. The process of conquest did not happen all at once. There are many oral stories of how the Meitei Rajas invaded the villages of the Nagas. The last Poumai Naga village to be conquered by the Meitei rulers was Liyai village, probably in the late 1870s. In spite of fierce resistance, the Nagas were defeated by the more advanced and better-armed Meitei troops. In 1891, war broke out between the British and the Meiteis. The Meiteis were defeated and the British took over the whole administration of Manipur. The systematic and complete merger of the Nagas (Southern Nagas) took place after India got Independence in 1947 followed by the subsequent surrendering of Meiteis into Indian Union in 1949 and the formation of Manipur State in 1971.

In conclusion, I would like to make it clear that to suppress the historical truth by any individual or group is unjust and unwise. The unique identity and distinctive culture of each group/nation needs to be acknowledged sufficiently. It is equally important for people/group trying to assert their rights to be cautious enough so that no untoward incident/situation is created. A time has come for all us to think seriously whether to reconstruct our life and society based on the ‘past’ histories or on the experiences of the ‘present’ reality. Which way?
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Manipur diaspora in Delhi pray for peace Mizoram Express National From Bruce K. Thangkhal

THIS IS NOT THE WAY: A truck driver maneuvers his goods laden truct along the Aizawl-Sinzawl-Imphal Road. Pic-Manipur Express
New Delhi: Over 100 key Christian leaders from different communities of Meitei, Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Zomi and Naga joined hands in prayer for peace in Manipur at the Apostles’ Methodist Church here on yesterday (May 22).
The Meitei Christian churches in different parts of Manipur also held prayer meetings yesterday and today.
The economic blockade of the two national highways for over 40 days, have severely affected the common and innocent people living in hills and valleys of Manipur. Fear psychosis has now developed among the people. Manipur is a home to nearly 40 ethnic tribes belonging to different religions and linguistic communties.
This prayer campaign for peace in Manipur was initiated by All India Christian Council with a theme of “Blessed are the Peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God (Matthew 5:9).” Also emphazing on the holy scriptures (II Chronicles 7:14): “If my people who are called by my name humble themselves, and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and heal their land.” Many Christians from overseas visitors and Delhi also joined the prayer meeting. The coordinators of All India Christian Council’s Delhi chapter were also present in the meeting.
With many efforts prominent persons from Manipur, Nagaland and other states also attended the programme. Among them were: Pastor M.

Rev. Mandhu Chandra leads the audience in prayer for peace in Manipur in New Delhi on May 22. Pic: Bruce Thangkhal
Moyonsing, Tangkhul Christian Fellowship Delhi; Rev. Ngapuni, Secretary, Poumei Naga Theological Association Manipur; Rev. Ambika Hongsha, Director, Paul India Mission Delhi & Manipur; Pastor Sanjiv Ailawadi, New Generation Church Delhi; Rev. John, Coordinator, Indian Evangelical Team Delhi; Rev. G. K. Joshua, Zomi Christian Fellowship; Rev. Letlal Haokip, Kuki Worship Service Delhi; Pastor T. Lalpu, MELCD; Shri Lalchungliana, President, Leaders for Mission; Evan. Totong Haokip, Founder, Care & Concern Ministry; Shri Thangboi, Caretaker, The Last Resort Delhi; Smt. Chinglian, Chairperson, ZCF Women Department; Smt. Honring Rungsung, Home Missionary, Tangkhul Church Delhi; Smt. Lansinglu, Lawyer, Supreme Court; Shri Vipin M. Benjamin, Advocate & Member of Human Rights & Law Network Delhi; Shri Ginlalchung, Shri Manglian and Shri Kaithang.
The programme was a successfully beginning of prayer campaign for peace in

A section of the people who attended the prayer meeting.
Manipur. Various Christian leaders representing different tribes of Manipur along with Christian leaders in Delhi and national capital regions – Gurgaon, Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad took part in carrying out the prayer movement for peace in Manipur, Nagaland and India.
A theological student, Totong Haokip, who had worked 15 years among the slum dwellers in Delhi tearfully urged the gatherings, “In Manipur, all the community has tribal mentality which is the greatest stumbling block for maintaining peace. Most of the Christian denominations are based on this principle which led to enmity among us. Let’s pray to our God to remove such egotism. There are still many places in our country which needs the gospel of Christ. Let’s remember, God looks the inside not the outside appearance.”
Remarkably, people of various tribes namely, Rongmei, Mizo, Kuki, Zaliangrong, Tangkhul Naga, Meitei, Vaiphei, Hmar, Zou, Paite, Gangte, etc. shed their tears in prayers on the occasion in favour of restoring a lasting peace and tranquility in the state Manipur.
The prayer items include: Prayer for Manipur, Nagaland & Central government; for Political Leaders; Students Unions; NGOs/Civil organizations; Authorities of Villages, Towns and City; for Churches, Association & Conventions; Current issues, and for Love, Peace, Friendship and Harmony among all the people of Manipur. During all these prayers, many of the peace-lovers earnestly prayed to Almighty God for Peace and Harmony in the unstable state of Manipur as well as in the Northeast regions.
“This prayer meeting was really a very significant step taken by our leaders. Now, I hope that peace and love will flourish among the diverse communities of Manipur and Nagaland. This is my constant prayer since Manipur appeared in the newspaper,” said Mr. Lamboi Suantak, Assistant Secretary, ZCF Youth Department, Delhi.
While one of the northeast ladies, Hahat Zou, who hails from Churachandpur working in Gurgaon’s Soul Cabin shop for the past five years shared her wishes: “Though I could not attend the prayer. I have been praying for peace in Manipur since March. We, the Christians have to play our roles in such situation. By only prayers we can heal Manipur. We should pray ceaselessly.” Miss Hat is well known for her helpful attitudes towards the northeast youngsters in getting jobs in Gurgaon.
Programme Convener Rev. Madhu Chandra fervently urged the people that we need God’s guidance and wisdom to Central, Manipur Government and Civil bodies to bring the amicable solution, so that normal life will return to Manipur and peace, love, justice and harmony will prevail among all sections of societies.
The ethnic communities from Manipur living in Delhi also felt the importance of all the tribes from Manipur, living in Delhi and NCR have to realize the role in bringing peace in Manipur. They also decided to conduct a regular prayer meeting in Manipur and Delhi in the coming days.